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John Ramsay (and his Italian diary) [ Travel / Art and Literature / Diaries & Letters ]

… > Art and Literature Objects > Diaries & Letters Keywords Diaries Grand Tour Education Formation Italy Cosmopolitanism International Networks Art entertainment John Ramsay’s Italian diary was published by The Walpole Society in 2003; it is accompanied by … ambassadors and even the King of Sweden. … Diaries … Grand Tour … Education … Formation … Italy … Cosmopolitanism … International Networks … Art … entertainment … John Ramsay (and his Italian diary) …

Republic of Letters [ National & Transnational cultures / Reading & Writing ]

… Letters was an abstract intellectual community in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century that was comprised of numerous networks throughout Europe and the Americas. Correspondence was the defining feature of its existence, enabling the … and political news and pamphlets. But the erudite epistolary backbone of the Republic of Letters was also enriched by networks grounded in institutions. These included scholarly networks created by the academies, and social networks that … and to the circulation of ideas that was essential for intellectual life during the Enlightenment ( 223) . This international network of communication not only fostered scholarly collaboration, for instance in the sciences, but it …

Grand Tour [ Mobility / Education ]

… Formation elite masculinity tourism Travel diplomacy academies Politeness Court Salon Cosmopolitanism Continental networks The Grand Tour was a form of educational travel undertaken by young aristocratic and gentry men. Travel and … to these lessons, Grand Tourists also had the opportunity to socialise with fellow British students and those with more international backgrounds. Turin’s Accademia Reale , for example, attracted aristocratic clients from Italy, Germany, … D'Enville ,  De Boufflers ,  Du Deffand , and  De L'Espinasse . Despite his poor French, the trip bolstered his growing international reputation. 9 8 . See Stephen Conway, Britain, Ireland & Continental Europe: Similarities, Connections, …

Merchant communities in European ports [ Commerce / Mobility / Trade ]

… Places > Trade Keywords merchant migration Travel mobility Northern Europe commerce Port Hughenot Correspondence networks A l’époque moderne, entre le XVI e et le XVIII e siècle, les grands centres commerciaux, et notamment les ports, … est indispensable pour conclure les affaires commerciales sans qu’aucune des parties se sente lésée. Ainsi le commerce international nécessite des vecteurs de communication entre les individus. Aux périodes anciennes, la manière la plus … moderne mais celle-ci est très dépendante de la qualité des services postaux et de la fiabilité des communications internationales. Il est également nécessaire que le correspondant soit un homme de confiance pour gérer les affaires de …

James Byres [ Travel ]

… of the British Grand Tourists and artists who visited Rome.   People > Travel Keywords Grand Tour Italy Education Art networks Jacobitism The Scotsman James Byres lived for over thirty years in Rome, where he became one of the main players … in 1790. Each of these activities depended on the other and enabled him to become a central link in the artistic networks in Rome and Britain. As a guide, he showed the city to travellers on the Grand Tour, to whom he also often … Jenkins, who was Byres’s main rival. Byres took advantage of his status as a guide and an artist to enrich his local and international networks. He became a reference on the Roman and British art markets. For instance, in 1780, the Welsh …

Henry Oldenburg (and the Philosophical Transactions) [ Science ]

… the centre of the two local social groups formed by the Royal Society, of which he was one of the secretaries, and the international social grouping created by his network of correspondence. He used this network to found the Philosophical … to science and technology. Oldenburg and the journal he created were central to the development of a social scientific international community during this period. People > Science Keywords Correspondence Oldenburg Philosophical Transactions … of Haak, Hartlib and Collins in England. 4  However, Oldenburg’s was probably the largest and most important of these networks. 5   Most of the members of the Royal Society were virtuosi, or gentlemen scientists of private means, who did …