Search

Natural Law (in Rousseau’s philosophy) [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… humaine, bouleverse le fondement du lien social. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords Rousseau natural law positive law social bond social contract Selon Rousseau, le lien social n’a rien d’une évidence, et il n’est parfait … de leur côté que sa critique n’est pas radicale, et préserve la supériorité normative de la loi naturelle sur la loi positive.  2 . Cicéron développe l’idée de société naturelle et de loi universelle qui s’impose à tous, par opposition au …

Sovereignty (in Hobbes's philosophy) [ Political & Moral philosophy / Philosophy ]

… than that Men should agree to make certaine Covenants and Conditions together, which themselves should then call Lawes. Which Axiom, though received by most, is yet certainly False, and an Errour proceeding from our too slight … Nature.‘ ( De Cive , I, 2, 90) The English translation of Aristotle’s Politics was published in 1598. In The Elements of Law Natural and Politic , Hobbes would confront its dominant presupposition, that ‘man is by nature a social and … fellows as adversaries. The covenants which made citizens of men were in no way the extension of natural inclinations, positive social instinct, or the desire for community. This is evidenced by the rivalry that existed between men, whose …

Scottish Enlightenment [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… best Manner he is able, and mutually gives and receives Information, as well as Pleasure. 1 The passage reflects Hume ’s positive evaluation not just of the pleasures but also of the intellectual value of sociability and polite conversation, … ‘largely composed of professional men rather than aristocrats’ and that ‘many of the “lords” who figure in them were law lords who worked their way up through their profession’. 6 Such societies and clubs include Rankenian Club (founded … in the hands of such figures as James Dunbar, James Beattie and William Ogilvie. While the Scots generally shared Hume’s positive evaluation of sociable conversation in these practical settings, there was far less consensus about how the …

Scottish clans [ Social interaction / Association ]

… a patriarchal system (the word ‘clan’ in Gaelic means ‘children’). Their system was based on tanistry, an ancient Celtic law by which a chief can theoretically be replaced by any person believed to be strong and courageous enough to defend … of the Highlands both by bringing Enlightenment ideas of improvements into these remote places and by spreading a positive image of them. For example, they launched projects for scientific enquiry into agricultural improvement. They … even the most identifiable image of Britain’ (McElroy 154). The Highland societies thus played an important part in the positive representation of the Highland clans, including during the visit of king George IV to Edinburgh in 1822. 9 . …

Vestries [ Religious Belief ]

… of vestries in particular regional and chronological contexts.  From the 1530s and culminating in the Elizabethan poor law of 1597-1601, England’s emerging state appropriated parish infrastructure for local government purposes, including … (vol. 253, n°1, 2021), p. 151–194, and Peter Collinge and Louise Falcini (eds.), Providing for the Poor: The Old Poor Law 1750-1834 (London: University of London Press, 2022). The principal bone of contention was membership. From a … of his just share of taxes to be … withholding from the poor what is their just right, and above all sinning against a positive command of our Saviour of doing to others as we would be done unto … ‘ On 10 April 1765, in contrast, Turner …

Gifts and Gift-giving [ Politics & Society / Furniture & Interior decoration / Social interaction ]

… codified in the US constitution of 1788-9: Zephyr Teachout, ‘Gifts, Offices, and Corruption’, Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy (n° 107, 2012), pp. 30-54; Zephyr Teachout, Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box … (‘toys’), dolls, hobby-horses, puzzles and kites became common Christmas presents by the end of the century. The positive diplomatic benefits of gifts were long-established and in the eighteenth-century clocks and guns, animals … Thurlow and William Pitt, whilst the King and Queen grasp money on the floor.   Thus long after gifts had been outlawed, they remained a problem. In Mughal India, subordinates offered tributes or  nazr  (offering) and received …