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… exchange’; second, that it presupposed a moral equality between the parties involved in exchanges, thereby challenging social hierarchies based on privilege and birth; third, that it was used above all to justify free trade and societies … the French Revolution, the term was abandoned by the advocates of free-market capitalism and became the watchword of socialists and critics of free trade in the nineteenth century. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords … is universal – that all societies have a term for the moral exchanges that are thought to constitute social bonds. This assumption has guided sociologists and anthropologists, who have used the concept over the past century to …

… was one of London’s pleasure gardens, a typical eighteenth-century locus of sociability, which offered a mixture of social classes – suitably dressed people could attend – while retaining a flattering feeling of exclusiveness. It could … and commoners could be found; people paying a small fee and acceptably dressed could enter, whereas other types of social occasion concerned specific social groups, for instance balls in the townhouses of the nobility or city … would contribute to familiarise the visitors with newly fashionable visual and musical culture, thus creating a social bond between them through shared cultural references. It had a formal garden where visitors could take walks in the …

… Macklin, born Cathal MacLochlainn (1699?–1797)  exemplifies the Irish Enlightenment and successful access to British social circles, London theatres, Anglo-Irish debating and charitable societies. Moreover, he was eager to acquire a … 1 . 'Gaeltacht' is the area of Ireland where many people spoke Irish (Irish Gaelic) as a first language. London Social Circles and Theatres Macklin was born in a poor rural Irish-speaking and Catholic community on the far … by fellow actors and friends in the sadly notorious Green Room of Drury Lane. He succeeded in weaving a web of social bonds on stage and off stage. He developed the capability for sustaining interest and passion in the theatre among his …

… solitude, and later establish sociable relationships with the natives and the other persons he introduces into the social order of the island. Crusoe succeeds in socializing as far as he refers to his civitas , his societas , his own civilized world. He finds within himself the … self-made man  who builds himself by struggling against nature; he is not constrained by authorities, tenets, social bonds, or imposed behaviours. In the context of the island, Robinson   is apparently free from such socio-behavioural …

… of participation, including the dancing itself, sustained the Assembly’s role in determining class status and creating social ties among colonial and early-national social elites. Places > Sports & Leisure Keywords Assemblies Advertisement Dance North America For many in British North … and strategic role, the opportunity the ballroom offered for elite exchanges became critical to communications, social bonding, and much-needed diversion. 11 Image Legend ‘Young Martha and George Washington’, Library of Congress, Popular …

… values were often at stake.  Practices > Politics & Society Objects > Furniture & Interior decoration Concepts > Social interaction Keywords Charity Empire Friendship Gift Hospitality Reciprocity Religion Gifts were often central to long eighteenth-century sociability because they helped to create and maintain reciprocal bonds between individuals, groups and even nations (playing a recognised role in diplomacy). 1   Presents played an … hospitality, charity, friendship, generosity, honour and patronage. The exchange of gifts helped to foster and deepen social relationships, from friends and kin to patrons and charitable donors. But gifts could also be problematic and …

… Image Abraham Bosse, ‘Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes’, Wikimedia Commons, 1651. Abstract Thomas Hobbes’ rejection of the social nature of man is the foundation of his philosophy on the origin of State, and provides a rationale for his theory … for language and friendship. The theory that man was a Zôon politikon (a political animal, whose natural and political sociality were inextricably linked within the polis ) gradually evolved into the principle of natural sociability, or the … Self-interest, not public utility, and the love of self, not the love of others, are at the origin of the social bond maintained by the overarching sovereign that dominates the frontispiece of Leviathan. The transformation of the …

… his memory for posterity. Friendship was always central to Keats’s life; his poetry and letters attest to a vitally social existence, and to the lasting influence of London literary coteries on his development as a poet and thinker. … flurry of creative activity in 1819, before his death at the unripe age of 25 – in that it entwines the literary and the social with empathetic alertness. It also highlights the extent to which Keats, far from the ethereal misfit his … be remembered as an eternal friend to Keats, giving him comfort in his painful last days, while ensuring the social bonds he valued most be maintained from abroad. In the journal-letters he sent back to England, which would be passed …