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Natural Law (in Rousseau’s philosophy) [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… qui sont des sentiments moraux, inclus dans une pensée de l’historicité humaine, bouleverse le fondement du lien social. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords Rousseau natural law positive law social bond social contract Selon Rousseau, le lien social n’a rien d’une évidence, et il n’est parfait qu’à condition de …

Reciprocity in France [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… exchange’; second, that it presupposed a moral equality between the parties involved in exchanges, thereby challenging social hierarchies based on privilege and birth; third, that it was used above all to justify free trade and societies … the French Revolution, the term was abandoned by the advocates of free-market capitalism and became the watchword of socialists and critics of free trade in the nineteenth century. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords Social … is universal – that all societies have a term for the moral exchanges that are thought to constitute social bonds. This assumption has guided sociologists and anthropologists, who have used the concept over the past century to …

Daniel Defoe’s Social Networks [ Art and Literature / Association ]

… Abstract Daniel Defoe was best known as a writer and his primary social networks grew out of his intense engagement with the print trade. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Defoe’s … as a ‘scribbler’ and his public identity was that of a controversial and prolific author. In this way, Defoe’s style of social networking is closer to that of the twenty-first century than that of his own day. People > Art and Literature … Harley, as it were, offers one of the few examples where the author can be observed attempting to cultivate an enduring bond of friendship along the lines of those that characterised political sociability after the Glorious Revolution. The …

Literary Academies [ Clubs & Societies / Associational culture ]

… Places > Clubs & Societies Practices > Associational culture Keywords Academy England Arcadia Association Italy France Social network Intellectual circle Meeting Rome Salon The Early Modern era saw literary academies woven liberally into … expanding to encompass meeting spaces and public institutions such as universities. Academies were initiated through social relationships and closely conformed in structure to literary salons. In England, meanwhile, until the beginning of … the affiliated forms of sociability. For friendships both pre-existed the institution and led to its creation. Amicable bonds allowed the academy to continue functioning—both during assemblies and when circumstances dictated long-distance …

Voltaire (and his social networks) [ Association ]

… and would contribute enormously towards shaping his personality. To understand the latter, we must explore the different social networks that structured Voltaire’s existence. At the age of ten, François-Marie Arouet, the future Voltaire, was … he regularly corresponded; yet their friendship would remain founded on the awareness of their profound differences in social status. François-Marie Arouet may have grown to be the best of friends with his noble fellows, he was still no … give Voltaire a beating. Voltaire sought redress for this humiliation, but the nobles he frequented rebuffed him—for the bonds of nobility and high birth were stronger than worldly connections. Under strain, the sociable fiction of equality 2 …

Street sociability [ Cities ]

… Abstract In a world of pedestrians streets and roads formed the most demotic of social spaces. In eighteenth-century Britain, it was on the street that gentlemen and gentlewomen rubbed shoulders with hawkers, paupers and a varied cast of social inferiors.  The streets demanded new rules of behaviour, new ‘rules of the road’. By reference to the practice of … OUP, 1965). 4 . ‘No. 454, Monday, August 11, 1712’, Richard Steele and Joseph Addison, Spectator, 1711-1714, ed. D.F. Bond, 5 vols (Oxford, 1965); Jonathan Swift, ‘A Description of a City Shower’ (1711), ed. Roger Lonsdale, The New Oxford …