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Natural Law (in Rousseau’s philosophy) [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… qui sont des sentiments moraux, inclus dans une pensée de l’historicité humaine, bouleverse le fondement du lien social. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords Rousseau natural law positive law social bond social contract Selon Rousseau, le lien social n’a rien d’une évidence, et il n’est parfait qu’à condition de supprimer toute …

Reciprocity in France [ Political & Moral philosophy ]

… exchange’; second, that it presupposed a moral equality between the parties involved in exchanges, thereby challenging social hierarchies based on privilege and birth; third, that it was used above all to justify free trade and societies … the French Revolution, the term was abandoned by the advocates of free-market capitalism and became the watchword of socialists and critics of free trade in the nineteenth century. Concepts > Political & Moral philosophy Keywords Social … nineteenth century. 2 Before 1750, réciprocité was rarely invoked. It was mostly used as a technical term in marriage contracts and international treaties. After mid-century, however, it exploded into tracts on society, commerce and …

Politics [ Politics & Society / Feelings & Emotions ]

… For Members of Parliament and members of the House of Lords, politics was face-to-face and personal, operating through social networks, personal connexions and extended family interests. Much political networking, solicitation, manoeuvring, and negotiation took place in mixed-sex social arenas that included women, or were hosted by women. The importance of sociability and its place in political … had a reputation for being rough-and-tumble, violence at the hustings reflected a serious breach of the unspoken contract of sociability between candidates and crowd. An example of the riot which took place at the hustings on the …

Merchants [ Commerce ]

… category, which was also reflected in wide-ranging educational backgrounds. The merchant straddled traditional social classes and the rise of the merchant was part of the expansion of the ‘middling sorts’. Cultures of commerce and … figure of the merchant. Sociability was an important element of mercantile culture, because a good reputation and good social networks were integral to a merchant’s credit and financial dealings. People > Commerce Keywords merchant middling … young aspirant often needed parents who could pay for their son’s apprenticeship to ensure he got the right training and contracts. The rise of merchants is also associated with the widening of the middling section of society. Somewhere …

Sovereignty (in Hobbes's philosophy) [ Political & Moral philosophy / Philosophy ]

… Abstract Thomas Hobbes’ rejection of the social nature of man is the foundation of his philosophy on the origin of State, and provides a rationale for his theory … for language and friendship. The theory that man was a Zôon politikon (a political animal, whose natural and political sociality were inextricably linked within the polis ) gradually evolved into the principle of natural sociability, or the … honour and glory, condensed into a desire to dominate. This was the universal inclination of humanity. Nor were social contracts determined through the simple use of reason for the sake of peace, since, defined as ratio (calculation), and …