… must have been better in the past, and that England must have once been as enlightened in this respect as Louis XIV’s France. (Griffin 10) 5 . Arthur Simons Collins, Authorship in the Days of Johnson (London: Routledge, 1927), p. 118. 6 . … individuals. Already the second half of the seventeenth century saw the establishment of royal societies (England 1660, France 1682), which meant a shift away from a focus on individual scientists and patrons. While the king still remained …