Vestries [ Religious Belief ]
… and chronological contexts. From the 1530s and culminating in the Elizabethan poor law of 1597-1601, England’s emerging state appropriated parish infrastructure for local government purposes, including highway maintenance, the control of … English Poor 1750-1834 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018), Brodie Waddell, ‘The rise of the parish welfare state in England, c.1600-1800’, Past & Present (vol. 253, n°1, 2021), p. 151–194, and Peter Collinge and Louise Falcini … his own negative experiences at Helpston in Northamptonshire, poet-pauper John Clare coined the satirical phrase ‘parish state’ for what he saw as a system serving the class interests of an (inadequate) ratepayer elite: 'Churchwardens …
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