Political clubs during the French Revolution [ Politics & Society / Clubs & Societies ]
… and early twentieth centuries to François Furet and Keith Baker in the late twentieth. It holds that the clubs’ toxic culture grew out of their ideological commitments to collective sovereignty and political virtue. 1 A more optimistic … the ‘calumniators of patriotism’ to death. Arguably, had more moderate libel laws been in effect earlier, the toxic ‘culture of calumny’ might not have penetrated the clubs to such a tragic extent. 11 10 . F.-A. Aulard, ‘Le Club des … française (vol. 22, n° 2, 1892), p. 111. 11 . Charles Walton, Policing Public Opinion in the French Revolution: The Culture of Calumny and the Problem of Free Speech (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). Speech was not the only …
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