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… were produced for the ritual of toasting. Special toastmaster glasses and custom-made glassware become part of clubs’ identity-sustaining paraphernalia. Glasses also served to express individuals’ tastes and social standing, or political … thus reflecting social and economic hierarchies. They were manufactured to order to correspond to the particular identity of a tavern, a club or an aristocratic or gentry family. They could carry mottos and political symbolism. If the … decoration and engraving made turned glasses into durable, symbolic objects representing a club’s, party’s or family’s identity, the importance of glassware also lay in the symbolic uses to which it lent itself. Glasses were essential to …

… of the ‘middling sorts’. Cultures of commerce and politeness – two key attributes of eighteenth-century British identity – came together in the figure of the merchant. Sociability was an important element of mercantile culture, … wealth. This culture of commerce crossed party divisions and social boundaries, and became an essential part of British identity. 8 In the last four decades of the seventeenth century, Britain experienced a revolution in trade. Woollen cloth … of the ‘middling sorts’. Cultures of commerce and politeness – two key attributes of eighteenth-century British identity – came together in the figure of the merchant. Sociability was an important element of mercantile culture, …

… 1  and beyond (Europe, New Zealand or America), turning them into important elements for the construction of national identity. 2 Some of these originated from the grounds surrounding places of diverse use (e.g. manor houses, taverns), … to Coney Island (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013). 2 . See Naomi J. Stubbs, Cultivating National Identity Through Performance. American Pleasure Gardens and Entertainment (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, …

… through journals such as The Spectator (1711-12, 1714), profoundly shaped the course of British sociability and national identity. The dates of the Kit-Cat’s foundation and dissolution are uncertain, as no official records of its meetings or … many major events between 1704-15. If the political stability of England in this period was due to ‘a sense of common identity in those who wielded economic, social and political power’, 14  then the Kit-Cat Club was the crucible of that common identity. Walpole thus learned at the Kit-Cat how to wield power through patronage, the press and partying. 14 . J.H. …

… erudite male scholars writing to one another in Latin to communicate ideas, influence public opinion, and signal their identity as intellectuals. This notion of a scholarly community in communication, created by and nourished by the … was in part what the Enlightenment was all about, ‘these different networks were central to their participants’ identity . One could not take part in the Enlightenment on one’s own’ ( Edmondson and Edelstein 2). Correspondence in the …

… his position at one remove from the metropolis nonetheless hints at the oppositional and sceptical side of his sociable identity. Writing from Twickenham in the 1720s and 1730s, he gravitated from the light wit and delicacy of his earlier … foes as being consistent defenders of sociable virtue. Notwithstanding his cultivation of an idealistically sociable identity, Pope was perfectly capable of playing the villain when it suited him. Such incidents as his poisoning of the … of 1728-32. However, it is hard to escape the impression that Pope was more invested in an enduring Scriblerian identity than others were, and that their few mutual ventures into print came about less through the meeting of kindred …

… a solitary act of perception, contributing to the construction of individual notions of subjectivity, consciousness or identity, there are many reasons why reading should also be viewed as a collective activity of social significance. The …

… 4 As the political scientist Rodney Barker has noted, enemies are useful in political relationships because their public identity is much less ambiguous than those of friends. In fact, having an identifiable enemy can enhance political power, … to say against them, or at least not half so much’. 9 As friendship was such an important marker of an individual’s identity, there was a genuine concern within the eighteenth-century advice literature about the damage to reputations …

… it. One important step was his decision to enlist in the army, first in 1692 in the Life Guards, which had a strong identity as a band of ‘gentlemen’, and then in 1695 in the Coldstream regiment, in which he captained a troop. Steele …

… to export and apply to his own country to promote its progress, without however renouncing his Arab and Islamic cultural identity. That is why, despite his young age, he immediately grasped the didactic value of these performances which he … in the broadest sense, that characterized many Arab scholars and thinkers of that time. Without ever denying their identity, they opened the doors of the traditional Arab world to Enlightened European thought. 9 . Although Western … in this area. On this subject, see Donald M. Reid, Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). 10 . Today it has become the …